Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2025)
JRIA 2025, 13(3): 0-0 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rahaei O, Omidi M, Masihpour F. (2025). Analysis of Airflow Patterns in Open and Semi-Open Spaces of Traditional Dezful Suzangar House with Emphasis on Cultural Characteristics. JRIA. 13(3),
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1742-en.html
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1742-en.html
1- School of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract: (51 Views)
Abstract
Traditional houses are shaped to adapt to the climate and culture, with designers emphasizing internal airflow. Evidence indicates that the physical elements of the courtyard can influence the natural ventilation process of the spaces surrounding the central courtyard. The research question is: What is the airflow pattern inside the central courtyard of the Suzangar House in Dezful, and what impact does it have on cultural characteristics? This study aims to investigate the natural ventilation in the central courtyard of the Suzangar House, as a representative of the Qibla courtyard typology, under the influence of external winds. This enables, in addition to airflow pattern analysis, the identification of the relationship between this pattern and cultural features. The present study is applied and interdisciplinary. The research method is mixed: initially, after reviewing traditional houses with central courtyards, pattern recognition and classification based on the courtyard’s orientation and direction were conducted, and the Soozangar House was selected. The physical elements of the central courtyard (courtyard orientation) were considered as the independent variable, and the airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard (flow velocity and direction) was considered as the dependent variable. These were measured experimentally using a data logger device during the research testing period. Subsequently, the data were simulated and analyzed by Gambit pre-processor and ANSYS Fluent software (after validation and reliability confirmation) through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Results indicate that Dezful’s traditional architecture, featuring central courtyards and spring porches (Baharkhab), supports activities around the central courtyard, which forms an integral part of Dezful’s cultural identity. The courtyard serves as a space for lighting, ventilation, and communication. The airflow inside the central courtyard forms a vortex pattern, providing adequate ventilation for the spring porches. Furthermore, considering the prevailing wind direction, the optimal building orientation is southeast with an approximate east-west elongation, which does not hinder airflow inside the building. The central courtyard, by fulfilling various roles in residents’ daily life, especially the spring porch as a gathering space influenced by the existing airflow, is recognized as a symbol of cultural identity. Attention to the presented results will improve the disorder and airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard, thereby enhancing more effective natural ventilation.
Research Method
The current research aims to investigate and analyze the behavior of the airflow inside the central courtyard and its surrounding spaces under the influence of outside wind in Dezful climate, under the influence of the architectural elements of the central courtyard to achieve the pattern of physical variables of native architecture for use in contemporary architecture. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following steps were taken: Considering the variety of houses in Dezful, according to the topic and purpose of the research, houses with a central courtyard were considered as a statistical population, among them, the Suzangar house was randomly selected and considering the amount access and the possibility of doing the next steps of the research were selected. Surveys and field observations were made in the test period using an experimental method from a case sample and their results were recorded. Dependent variables have been used by precise digital devices, i.e. thermometers and hygrometers. Then, after drawing the plans of the desired house, gridding was done with Gambit software and after defining the boundary conditions, numerical calculations and final simulations were done in Fluent software. Since the process of natural ventilation of these courtyards is considered in the research, therefore, the climatic performance of the central courtyards in question is only investigated from the point of view of natural ventilation.
Conclusion
In the typology of Dezful houses, most of these houses have thick walls and many semi-open spaces on the upper floors, and the hollow walls have good shading while maintaining privacy. According to the typology, the overall attention of the facade is toward the southeast to receive the right light and to avoid the west light. But the building method should be such that there is a possibility of natural ventilation and the composition of different spaces should facilitate it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this method of the building according to the direction of the building and the type of prevailing wind in order to determine the condition of internal airflow and natural ventilation. The first result obtained is that creating a movement path to enter the central courtyard and creating an entrance opening in the corner of the courtyard has helped to create a whirlwind flow in the middle of the courtyard. In other words, in the general state, regardless of the intensity and weakness in each state, after entering the alley leading to the entrance of the building, the wind enters from the corner of the yard and creates a vortex in the middle of the yard, which increases in height and passes through the terraces and the balcony of the building moves from the top of the building. Therefore, in general, we can conclude that the orientation and elongation of traditional houses in this climate cannot prevent the creation of airflow and natural ventilation, and in each of the prevailing wind conditions, there is airflow inside the house with different disturbances. In the meantime, based on the findings of the research, mode B has more optimal conditions during normal wind, if the wind is strong, option C is suggested.
Traditional houses are shaped to adapt to the climate and culture, with designers emphasizing internal airflow. Evidence indicates that the physical elements of the courtyard can influence the natural ventilation process of the spaces surrounding the central courtyard. The research question is: What is the airflow pattern inside the central courtyard of the Suzangar House in Dezful, and what impact does it have on cultural characteristics? This study aims to investigate the natural ventilation in the central courtyard of the Suzangar House, as a representative of the Qibla courtyard typology, under the influence of external winds. This enables, in addition to airflow pattern analysis, the identification of the relationship between this pattern and cultural features. The present study is applied and interdisciplinary. The research method is mixed: initially, after reviewing traditional houses with central courtyards, pattern recognition and classification based on the courtyard’s orientation and direction were conducted, and the Soozangar House was selected. The physical elements of the central courtyard (courtyard orientation) were considered as the independent variable, and the airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard (flow velocity and direction) was considered as the dependent variable. These were measured experimentally using a data logger device during the research testing period. Subsequently, the data were simulated and analyzed by Gambit pre-processor and ANSYS Fluent software (after validation and reliability confirmation) through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Results indicate that Dezful’s traditional architecture, featuring central courtyards and spring porches (Baharkhab), supports activities around the central courtyard, which forms an integral part of Dezful’s cultural identity. The courtyard serves as a space for lighting, ventilation, and communication. The airflow inside the central courtyard forms a vortex pattern, providing adequate ventilation for the spring porches. Furthermore, considering the prevailing wind direction, the optimal building orientation is southeast with an approximate east-west elongation, which does not hinder airflow inside the building. The central courtyard, by fulfilling various roles in residents’ daily life, especially the spring porch as a gathering space influenced by the existing airflow, is recognized as a symbol of cultural identity. Attention to the presented results will improve the disorder and airflow circulation pattern inside the central courtyard, thereby enhancing more effective natural ventilation.
Research Method
The current research aims to investigate and analyze the behavior of the airflow inside the central courtyard and its surrounding spaces under the influence of outside wind in Dezful climate, under the influence of the architectural elements of the central courtyard to achieve the pattern of physical variables of native architecture for use in contemporary architecture. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following steps were taken: Considering the variety of houses in Dezful, according to the topic and purpose of the research, houses with a central courtyard were considered as a statistical population, among them, the Suzangar house was randomly selected and considering the amount access and the possibility of doing the next steps of the research were selected. Surveys and field observations were made in the test period using an experimental method from a case sample and their results were recorded. Dependent variables have been used by precise digital devices, i.e. thermometers and hygrometers. Then, after drawing the plans of the desired house, gridding was done with Gambit software and after defining the boundary conditions, numerical calculations and final simulations were done in Fluent software. Since the process of natural ventilation of these courtyards is considered in the research, therefore, the climatic performance of the central courtyards in question is only investigated from the point of view of natural ventilation.
Conclusion
In the typology of Dezful houses, most of these houses have thick walls and many semi-open spaces on the upper floors, and the hollow walls have good shading while maintaining privacy. According to the typology, the overall attention of the facade is toward the southeast to receive the right light and to avoid the west light. But the building method should be such that there is a possibility of natural ventilation and the composition of different spaces should facilitate it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this method of the building according to the direction of the building and the type of prevailing wind in order to determine the condition of internal airflow and natural ventilation. The first result obtained is that creating a movement path to enter the central courtyard and creating an entrance opening in the corner of the courtyard has helped to create a whirlwind flow in the middle of the courtyard. In other words, in the general state, regardless of the intensity and weakness in each state, after entering the alley leading to the entrance of the building, the wind enters from the corner of the yard and creates a vortex in the middle of the yard, which increases in height and passes through the terraces and the balcony of the building moves from the top of the building. Therefore, in general, we can conclude that the orientation and elongation of traditional houses in this climate cannot prevent the creation of airflow and natural ventilation, and in each of the prevailing wind conditions, there is airflow inside the house with different disturbances. In the meantime, based on the findings of the research, mode B has more optimal conditions during normal wind, if the wind is strong, option C is suggested.
Keywords: Physical Elements, Central Courtyard, Suzangar House, Natural Ventilation, Cultural Identity, Kiblah Direction
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Strategic and practical principals in Islamic architecture and urbanism
Received: 2024/02/7 | Accepted: 2025/07/9 | Published: 2025/09/26
Received: 2024/02/7 | Accepted: 2025/07/9 | Published: 2025/09/26
References
1. آهویی، صادق. احمدی دیسفانی، یداله. کلانتری خلیل آباد، حسین. 1400. بازشناسی هویت خانه های سنتی ایرانی با تکیه بر عناصر کالبدی, اجتماعی و فرهنگی هویت ساز. مطالعات هنر اسلامی، 18(41 )، 74-91.
2. بحرانی، حمیدرضا. رنجبر، احسان. احمدی، سارا. 1397. ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ رﻓﺘﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﺷﻨﺎﺷﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ و ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ جریان ﺑﺎد در ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎریخی ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ. نشریه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. دوره8، شماره3. 179-186.
3. پسران، آرش. کریمینیا، شهاب. ناظمی، الهام. طغیانی، شیرین. 1398. ارزیابی وجود مکانیزم طراحی منطبق بر تهویه طبیعی در معماری سنتی شهرهای اقلیم گرم و خشک بدون بادگیر (نمونه موردی: فضای بیرونی بناهای چهارطرفه قاجاری شیراز). نشریه علمی معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک. دوره7، شماره9، 101-119.
4. ثقفی، محمدجواد. توسلی، ناهید. 1395. بررسی تاثیر لایه ی هوایِ تهویه شده در نماهای نوین با درزِ باز بر عملکرد حرارتی ساختمان. نشریه نقش جهان-مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی. دوره6. شماره3. 5-14.
5. حیدری دلگرم، مجید. 1396. سه رون، شش جهت، هفت کشور: پژوهشی در تاریخ مفهوم رون معماری، نشریه تاریخ علم، 15(2)، 149-171.
6. حیدری، علی اکبر. قاسمیان اصل، عیسی. کیایی، مریم. 1396. تحلیل ساختار فضایی خانه های سنتی ایران با استفاده از روش نحو فضا مطالعه موردی: مقایسه خانه های یزد, کاشان و اصفهان. نشریه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی، دوره7، شماره28. 21-33.
7. رهایی، امید. 1392. هویت فرهنگی و اثرات آن بر روشهای بومی تهویه طبیعی بازار قدیم دزفول، راسته صنعتگران. نشریه باغ نظر. دوره10، شماره24، 39-46.
8. رهایی، امید. 1400. بررسی تغییرات کالبدی حیاط های مرکزی بر الگوی جریان هوای داخل آنها در خانه های دوران قاجار اصفهان با روش CFD (مورد پژوهی: خانه لباف). نشریه معماری و شهرسازی پایدار. دوره9، شماره2، 25-46.
9. رهایی، امید. رضاییزاده، آیه. ۱۴۰۱. بررسی رفتار حرارتی نقوش هندسی سنتی (خوونچینی) در جدارههای مجوف خارجی دیوارهای دوجداره دزفول در راستای احیای هویت فرهنگی. پژوهشهای معماری اسلامی. دوره10، شماره4. 150-166.
10. رهایی، امید. عظمتی، حمیدرضا. 1399. ارتقای کیفیت تهویه طبیعی در کلاسهای مدارس استان مازندران بر اساس وضعیت بازشوها با روش CFD. نشریه معماری و شهرسازی ایران. دوره11. شماره1. 57-71.
11. رؤسایی، امین. رهایی، امید. 1399. ارتقاء کیفیت جریان هوای داخل تحت تأثیر دیوارهای جداکننده داخلی در فضاهای اداری مجهز به سیستم های تهویه مطبوع با روش CFD. نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر. دوره13، شماره30. 69-81.
12. زارعی، محمد ابراهیم. بهبودی، نغمه. 1395. بررسی سرعت و فشار حرکت باد در بخش مرکزی سکونتگاه قلعه ای ورمال سیستان با بهره گیری از شبیه سازی CFD. پژوهشهای معماری اسلامی. دوره4، شماره1. 94-110..
13. سلطانزاده، حسین. 1390. نقش جغرافیا در شکلگیری انواع حیاط در خانههای سنتی ایران، نشریه پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دوره43، شماره1، 69-86.
14. شریف، حمیدرضا. حبیبی، امین. جمالآبادی، عبداله. 1395. کارکرد اقلیمی هنرگره چینی درمعماری اسلامی- نمونه موردی: بناهای مسکونی قاجاری شیراز. نشریه پژوهشهای معماری اسلامی. دوره4، شماره4. 60-71.
15. صادقی، نگار. گرجی مهلبانی، یوسف. نظیف، حمیدرضا. 1400. بررسی عددی عملکرد حرارتی بادگیر در ایجاد تهویه طبیعی در اقلیم گرم و خشک. نشریه انرژی های تجدیدپذیر و نو. دوره8، شماره1. 33-40.
16. عطروش، علی. فیاض، ریما. 1394. تأثیر ارسیها بر جریان هوا در فضای داخلی مطالعه موردی: خانه زینت الملک شیراز. نشریه معماری و شهرسازی ایران، دوره6، شماره1.
17. عمرانی پور، علی. 1383. هنر و معماری اسلامی ایران، تهران، سازمان عمران و بهسازی شهری.
18. کاکیزاده، محمدامیر. ناصری، ندا. دباغ، هژبر. 1400. گونهشناسی کالبدی و کارکردی شناشیرهای بافت تاریخی بندر بوشهر در جهت شناسایی عوامل هویتبخش این فضاها، پژوهشهای معماری اسلامی، 9(1)، 63-84.
19. کوخ نیلسن، هالگر. 1396. تهویهی طبیعی: راهنمای طراحی اقلیمی مناطق گرم. ترجمه احمدنژاد. نشر خاک، اصفهان.
20. لطیفی، محمد. مهدوینژاد، محمدجواد. 1401. معاصرسازی الگوی مسکن بومی اصفهان بر پایه تحلیل روابط غیرشکلی پلان، نمونه موردی: خانه جنگجویان، نشریه مطالعات معماری ایران، 11(21)، 185-203.
21. معماریان، غلامحسین. 1387. معماری ایرانی، (تألیف محمدکریم پیرنیا)، تهران: نشر سروش دانش.
22. مفیدی شمیرانی، مجید. ممقانی قاضی جهانی، مهسا. 1391. اصول تجربی طراحی بناهای پایدار برای مناطق کویری، هویت شهر، 12، 79-84.
23. هوشیاری، محمدمهدی. پورنادری، حسین. 1395. تحلیل و بررسی نظریه پیرنیا درباره رون اصفهانی در فضای شهری و معماری سنتی اصفهان، نشریه هویت شهر، 27(10)، 53-64.
24. Abbaspour Jannati, N., Ranjbar, A., 2009. Experimental and numerical study of air conditioner flows inside an office room, The 12th fluid dynamics conference, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran (In Persian)
25. Ahuey, S., Ahmadi Disfani, Y., Kalantari Khalil Abad, H. 2021. Recognizing the Distinctiveness of Traditional Iranian Houses based on Physical, Social and Cultural Components of Identity. Islamic Art Studies, 18(41), 74-91. doi: 10.22034/ias.2020.219851.1190(In Persian)
26. Asfour, S., Gad, B., 2008. A Using CFD to investigate ventilation characteristics of vaults as wind- inducing devices in buildings. Journal of Applied Energy، 85, 1126- 1140. [DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.10.015]
27. Bahrani, H.R., Ranjbar, E., Ahmadi, S., 2018. An Analysis of the Function of External Senasir Types and Their Effects on the Wind Flow in the Historical Part of Bushehr, Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 8, 179-186. (In Persian)
28. Chen, Q. 1995. Comparison of different k-ε models for indoor air flow computations, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B Fundamentals, Vol. 28, No. 3, 353-369. [DOI:10.1080/10407799508928838]
29. Fathi, A., Esmaelian, J., Amidpoor, M., 2009. Locating a chimneyless heater in the building in order to ensure indoor air quality and optimize energy consumption, Energy optimization conference and exhibition, Tehran. (In Persian)
30. Fayaz, R., Atrvash, A. 2016. The Effect of Sash on the Air Flow in the Interior Case Study: Zinat Al-Molk Shiraz House. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism, 6(9), 19-26. (In Persian)
31. Figueroa-Lopez, A., Arias, A., Oregi, X., Rodríguez, I., 2021. Evaluation of passive strategies, natural ventilation and shading systems, to reduce overheating risk in a passive house tower in the north of Spain during the warm season. Building Engineering. 43, 102607. [DOI:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102607]
32. Han, J., Yang, W., Zhang, G., Zhang, Q., Moschandreas, D.J., 2009. A comparative analysis of urban and rural residential thermal comfort under natural ventilation environment, Energy Build. 41, 139-145. [DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.08.005]
33. Heydari Delgarm, M., 2018. Three Roons, Six Orientations, Seven Climates: Investigating History of Roon Concept, History of Science, 15(2), 149-171(In Persian).
34. Heydari, A. Ghasemian Asl, E. Kiani, M. 2017. Analyzing the spatial structure of traditional Iranian houses using the method of spatial syntax, a case study: comparing the houses of Yazd, Kashan and Isfahan. Shahre-e-Irani Islami, 7(28), Summer, 21-33. (In Persian)
35. Hooshyari, M., Pournaderi, H., 2016. The Study and Investigation of Pirnia's Theory Regarding Isfahani Orientation in Historic Urban and Architectural Spaces of Isfahan, Hoviateshahr, 3(10), 53-64(In Persian).
36. Indraganti , M., Boussaa, D., 2017. Comfort temperature and occupant adaptive behavior in offices in Qatar during summer. Energy and building. V.150, 23-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.05.063]
37. Indraganti, M., Ooka, R., Rijal, H.B., Brager, G.S., 2014. Adaptive model of thermal comfort for offices in hot and humid climates of India. Building and Environment. V.74, 39-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.002]
38. Kakizadeh, M.A., Naseri, N., Dabbagh, H., 2021. Physical and Functional Typology of Shanashir in Historical Fabric of Bushehr Port to Identify Factors of These Spaces. JRIA, 9(1),63-84 (In Persian) [DOI:10.52547/jria.9.1.2]
39. Kokh Nilson, Hagger, 2017. Natural ventilation, Translated by Ahmadinejad, M., First Publish, Esfahan, Nashr-e-Khak (In Persian)
40. Kompatscher, K., Kochen, S., Van Schijndel, A.W.M., Schellen, H.L., 2017. Coupled heat, moisture and CFD modeling in the built environment, COMSOL Conference, 18-20 October 2017, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
41. Latifi, M., Mahdavi-nejad, M. 2022. Contemporizing Isfahan's Indigenous Housing Model By Analysis of Non-Morphological Relationships in the Plan (Case Study: Jangjouian House), Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, 11(21), 185-203. doi: 10.22052/jias.2022.245859.0(In Persian)
42. Mofidi Shemirani, S.M., Mamaghani Gazi-Jahani, M., 2012, Empirical Principles of Sustainable Building Design for Desert Regions, Hoviateshahr, 6(12), 79-84 (In Persian).
43. Nomura, M., Hiyama, K., 2017. A review: natural ventilation performance of office buildings in Japan. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. V.74, 746-754. [DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.083]
44. Omranipoor, A., 2004, The Islamic art and architecture of Iran, Tehran, Urban Development and Improvement Organization (In Persian).
45. Pesaran, A., Kariminia, Sh., Nazemi, E., Toghyani, Sh. 2019. Evaluating the Existence of a design mechanism based on natural ventilation in the traditional architecture of cities in hot-arid climate without the use of windcatchers (case study: outer space of four-sided Qajar buildings in Shiraz), Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, V.7, pp.101-119(In Persian)
46. Rahaei O, Rezaeizadeh A. 2022. Investigation of thermal behavior of traditional geometric patterns (khavoon chini) in the external hollow walls of Dezful double-walled walls in order to revive cultural identity. JRIA. 10 (4) :150-166(In Persian) [DOI:10.52547/jria.10.4.5]
47. Rahaei, O., 2013. Cultural Identity and Its Effects on Natural Ventilation's Method in Traditional Bazzar of Dezful, Bagh-e-Nazar, 39-46 (In Persian)
48. Rahaei, O., 2021. Investigation of air flow pattern in the central courtyard in Qajar houses of Isfahan by CFD method, Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, 9(2), 25-46. (In Persian)
49. Rahaei, O., Azemati, H.R., 2020. Improving the Quality of Natural Ventilation in Classrooms of Mazandaran Province Based on the Position of the Openings Using CFD Method, Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism, V.11, 57-71(In Persian).
50. Roasaei, A., Rahaei, O., 2020. Improvement of Indoor Air Flow Quality under the Influence of Internal Partition Walls in Air-Conditioned Office Spaces Using CFD Method, Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development Journal, 13(30), 69-8. (In Persian)
51. Sadeghi, N., Gorji Mahlabani, Y., Nazif, H.R. 2019. Numerical investigation on thermal performance of a wind catcher for natural ventilation in hot and dry climate, Journal of Renewable and New Energy, 8(1), 33-40(In Persian)
52. Saghafi, M., Tavassoli, N., 2016. The effect of the ventilated air layer in the new open joint facade on energy performance of the building, Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, V.6, N.3, pp.5-14. (In Persian).
53. Schlichting, H., and Truckenbrodt, E. 1979. Aerodynamics of the Airplane, McGraw-Hill Companies.
54. Schulze, T., Gürlich, D., Eicker, U., 2018. Performance assessment of controlled natural ventilation for air quality control and passive cooling in existing and new office type buildings. Energy Build. 172, 265-278. [DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.023]
55. Schulze, T., Gürlich, D., Eicker, U., 2018. Performance assessment of controlled natural ventilation for air quality control and passive cooling in existing and new office type buildings. Energy Build. 172, 265-278. [DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.023]
56. Sharif H.R., Habibi A., Jamalabadi A. 2017. Climatic Function of Girih Art in Islamic Architecture- Case study: Residential building at Qajar era in Shiraz. JRIA; 4 (4) :60-71(In Persian)
57. Soltanzade, H., 2011. The Role of Geography in Formation of Variety of Traditional Courtyards of Iran, Pajooheshhaye Geography-Ensani, No.75 (In Persian)
58. Sribanurekha, V., Wijerathne, S.N., Wijepala, L.H.S., Jayasinghe, C., 2016. Effect of Different Ventilation Conditions on Indoor CO2 Levels, In: International conference on disaster resilience, At: Kandalama, Sri Lanaka.
59. Teodosiu, C., Ilie, V., Teodosiu, R., 2014. Appropriate CFD turbulence model for improving indoor air quality of ventilated spaces, Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering, 10(4), 28-42. [DOI:10.2478/mmce-2014-0020]
60. Vassella, C.C., Koch, J., Henzi, A., Jordan, A., Waeber, R., Iannaccone, R., Charri'ere, R., 2021. From spontaneous to strategic natural window ventilation: improving indoor air quality in Swiss schools. Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health 234, 113746. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113746]
61. Versteeg, H., and Malalasekera, W. 1995. An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics, Finite Volume Method, Essex, Longman Scientific and Technical.
62. Wilcox, D.C. 1998. Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW industries La Canada, CA.
63. Yin, H., Liu, C., Zhang, l., 2019. Measurement and evaluation of indoor air quality in naturally ventilated residential buildings, Indoor Built Environ. No13, p.1-17.
64. Zarei M E, Behboodi N. 2016, Investigating the Speed and Pressure of the Wind in the Central Part of Varmal Castle Settlement in Sistan, Using CFD Simulation Method. JRIA; 4 (1) :94-110(In Persian)
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
