Volume 13, Issue 2 (6-2025)
JRIA 2025, 13(2): 127-140 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Malmir N, Khorasani S, Karahmadi M, Habibian M. (2025). Analysis the Golden Ratios in the Formation of Semi-Open Spaces in Safavid-Era Schools of Isfahan. JRIA. 13(2), 127-140. doi:10.61882/jria.13.2.7
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1797-en.html
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1797-en.html
1- Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran.
Abstract: (2192 Views)
The architecture of the Safavid era in Iran, particularly in Isfahan, is renowned for its use of complex geometric patterns and golden ratios, which create harmony and balance in architectural design. Semi-open spaces in the schools of this period, serving as transitional zones between open and enclosed spaces, play a crucial role in establishing both visual and functional connections.
This study aims to analyze the application of golden ratios and geometric proportions in the semi-open spaces of Safavid-era schools. The primary research question focuses on how golden ratios and geometric proportions are utilized in these spaces and which proportions are more prominent in the design of these schools. The research methodology combines both quantitative and qualitative analyses, involving the extraction of floor plans from selected schools, along with precise measurements and analysis of the geometric proportions of the iwans and smaller iwans.
The findings indicate that the semi-open spaces of Safavid schools are predominantly designed based on specific geometric ratios, such as the intersection of regular hexagons, √2 and √3 proportions, and the golden rectangle. Only in the iwan of the “Jadeh-ye-Koochak” school, due to its unique spatial and functional characteristics, these proportions are not observed, highlighting the impact of space functionality on the choice of geometric principles. This space follows a 1:0.9 proportion. The results demonstrate that geometric proportions not only played a significant role in achieving visual and functional balance, but also effectively facilitated the connection between open and enclosed spaces in the design of these schools. These findings may serve as a model for the design of semi-open spaces in contemporary architecture and contribute to the revival of cultural heritage and the use of geometric principles in modern architectural practice.
This study aims to analyze the application of golden ratios and geometric proportions in the semi-open spaces of Safavid-era schools. The primary research question focuses on how golden ratios and geometric proportions are utilized in these spaces and which proportions are more prominent in the design of these schools. The research methodology combines both quantitative and qualitative analyses, involving the extraction of floor plans from selected schools, along with precise measurements and analysis of the geometric proportions of the iwans and smaller iwans.
The findings indicate that the semi-open spaces of Safavid schools are predominantly designed based on specific geometric ratios, such as the intersection of regular hexagons, √2 and √3 proportions, and the golden rectangle. Only in the iwan of the “Jadeh-ye-Koochak” school, due to its unique spatial and functional characteristics, these proportions are not observed, highlighting the impact of space functionality on the choice of geometric principles. This space follows a 1:0.9 proportion. The results demonstrate that geometric proportions not only played a significant role in achieving visual and functional balance, but also effectively facilitated the connection between open and enclosed spaces in the design of these schools. These findings may serve as a model for the design of semi-open spaces in contemporary architecture and contribute to the revival of cultural heritage and the use of geometric principles in modern architectural practice.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Subject- oriented researches in Islamic architecture and urbanism, eg. Spatial-geometrical ideas, symbols and ornaments
Received: 2025/01/18 | Accepted: 2025/04/7 | Published: 2025/06/9
Received: 2025/01/18 | Accepted: 2025/04/7 | Published: 2025/06/9
References
1. 1. ابوالوفای بوزجانی، محمد بن محمد. 1384. هندسه ایرانی: کاربرد هندسه در عمل. تهران: سروش.
2. 2. آیتاللهی، حبیب الله. 1390. مبانی هنرهای تجسمی. تهران: سمت.
3. 3. پوراحمدی، مجتبی، مجتبی یوسفی، و مهدی سهرابی. 1390. نسبت طول به عرض حیاط و اتاق ها در خانههای سنتی یزد: آزمونی برای نظر استاد پیرنیا درباره مستطیل طلایی ایرانی. هنرهای زیبا 3 (47): 69-79.
4. 4. پورعبدلله، حبیبالله. 1389. حکمتهای پنهان در معماری. تهران: کلهر.
5. 5. پیرنیا، محمد کریم. 1378. آشنایی با معماری اسلامی ایران (ساختمانهای درونشهری و برونشهری). تدوین غلامحسین معماریان. تهران: دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران.
6. 6. جوادی نوده، مهسا، آزاده شاهچراغی، و علیرضا عندلیب. 1401. بررسی تناسبات طلایی و اصول هندسی برگرفته از طبیعت در اجزای کالبدی خانههای تاریخی (مطالعه موردی: خانههای قاجاری اردبیل). باغ نظر 19 (110): 35-48.
7. 7. حاتمی نصاری، طیبه، آراز نجفی، و زرین فخار. 1402. کارکرد هندسه، در زیرساخت معماری و نقوش گنبد مسجد امام و مسجد مدرسه چهارباغ. مطالعات هنر اسلامی 20 (50): 737-755.
8. 8. حبیبی، سید محسن، و زهرا اهری. 1391. مکتب اصفهان زبان طراحی شهری در شهرهای کهن. تهران: دفتر پژوهشهای فرهنگی.
9. 9. حیاتی، حامد، و امیر مسعود نوری. 1402. مقایسۀ تطبیقی تناسبات ایوان در مساجد دورۀ صفویۀ اصفهان. باغ نظر 20 (128): 13-26.
10. 10. رجایی، عبدالمهدی. 1393. برگهایی از تاریخ اجتماعی اصفهان معاصر. اصفهان: جهاد دانشگاهی.
11. 11. زارعی، محمد ابراهیم. 1397. معماری ایران: از عصر صفوی تا عصر حاضر. همدان: دانشگاه بوعلی سینا.
12. 12. سمیعآذر، علیرضا. 13۷6. تاریخ تحولات مدارس در ایران. تهران: سازمان نوسازی توسعه و تجهیز مدارس کشور.
13. 13. شیرینجانی، سمیه، زهرا صمدیفرد، و سیدعلی شریفیان. 1394. بازشناسی مفهوم و عملکرد ایوان در معماری ایرانی با تاکید بر تأثیرگذاری در ساختار معماری. در کنفرانس بینالمللی پژوهش در علوم و تکنولوژی، مالزی، 23 آذر.
14. 14. عطاریان، کورش، کورش مؤمنی، و زهره مسعودی. 1394. بررسی تناسبات حیاط مساجد دورۀ صفویه اصفهان. مطالعات تطبیقی هنر 5 (10): 67-82.
15. 15. فرشچی، حمیدرضا، و مرتضی مجیدی. 1400. بررسی نظام معماری و تناسبات هندسی حیاط مرکزی و جدارههای آن در خانههای تاریخی کاشان (مورد مطالعه: ده خانۀ تاریخی دورۀ قاجار شهر کاشان). فرهنگ معماری و شهرسازی اسلامی 6 (2): 95-112.
16. 16. کاراحمدی، مهران. 1402. مدارس کهن اصفهان: تکامل تدریجی و شکلگیری فضاهای اصلی مدارس در راستای معماری پایدار در گذر زمان. اصفهان: چشمه آفرینش.
17. 17. محمودی، عبدالله. 1384. بازنگری اهمیت ایوان در خانههای سنتی (با نگاه ویژه به بم). هنرهای زیبا (22): 53-62.
18. 18. موسوی، فائزه. 1395. چشماندازی به عدد طلایی فی. نشاء علم 7 (1): 39-52.
19. 19. مهدینژاد، جمالالدین، رضا سیروس صبری، مجید ابراهیم دماوندی، و جوانه عباس پور. 1391. طراحی معماری با تکیه بر تعامل زیبایی و عملکرد در طبیعت. هویت شهر 6 (10): 59-66.
20. 20. نجفقلی پورکلانتری، نسیم، ایرج اعتصام، و فرح حبیب. 1396. بررسی هندسه و تناسبات طلایی در معماری ایران (نمونه مطالعاتی: خانههای سنتی شهر تبریز). مدیریت شهری و روستایی 16 (46): 477-491.
21. 21. هاشمی زرجآباد، حسن، محمد حسن ضیایینیا، و حمیدرضا قربانی. 1394. بازخوانی تحلیل اصول هندسی و تناسب طلایی در مدرسه شوکتیه. پژوهشهای باستانشناسی ایران 5 (9): 207-222.
22. 1. Abolvafa Buzjani, Mohammad ibn Mohammad. 2005. Applied Geometry. Tehran: Soroush.
23. 2. Attarian, Kourosh, Kourosh Momeni, and Zohreh Masoudi. 2015. The study of Courtyard Proportions in Safavid Mosques of Isfahan. Comparative Art Studies 5 (10): 67-82.
24. 3. Ayatollahi, Habibullah. 2011. Fundamentals of Visual Arts. Tehran: SAMT.
25. 4. Farshchi, Hamid Reza, and Morteza Majidi. 2022. Investigation of The Architectural System and Geometric Proportions of the Central Courtyard and Its Walls in The Historical Houses of Kashan (Case Study: Ten Historical Houses of the Qajar Period in Kashan). Culture of Islamic Architecture and Urbanism Journal 6(2): 95-112. [DOI:10.52547/ciauj.6.2.95]
26. 5. Habibi, Seyed Mohsen, and Zahra Ahri. 2012. The Language of Urban Design in Historic Cities: Isfahan School. Tehran: Iran Cultural Studies.
27. 6. Hashemi Zaraj Abad, Hassan, Mohammad Hasan Ziaee Nia, and Hamid Reza Qorbani. 2015. Re-reading the Geometric Basics and Golden Ratio of Showkateyeh School. Iranian Archaeological Research 5(9): 207-222.
28. 7. Hatami Nasari, Tayebeh, Araz Najafi, and Zarin Fakhar. 2023. The Function of Geometry in the Architectural Infrasture and Dome Designs of Imam and Chahar Bagh School Mosques. Islamic Art Studies 20(50): 737-755.
29. 8. Hayaty, Hamed, and Amir Masoud Nouri. 2023. Comparative Comparison of Iwan Proportions in Safavid Mosques of Isfahan. Bagh-e Nazar 20(128): 13-26.
30. 9. Javadi Nodeh, Mahsa, Azadeh Shahcheraghi, and Alireza Andalib. 2022. An Investigation of the Golden Proportions and Geometric Principles Derived from Nature in the Structural Components of the Traditional Houses (Case Study: Qajar Houses in Ardabil). Bagh-e Nazar 19(110): 35-48.
31. 10. Karahmadi, Mehran. 2023. Ancient Schools of Isfahan: Gradual Evolution and Formation of the Main Spaces of Schools in Line with Sustainable Architecture Over Time. Isfahan: Cheshme-ye Afarinsh.
32. 11. Mahmoudi, Abdullah. 2005. Revisiting the Importance of the Porch in Traditional Houses (with a Special Focus on Bam). Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture and Urban Planning (22): 53-62.
33. 12. Mehdinejad, Jamaleddin, Reza Sirous Sabri, Majid Ebrahim Damavandi, and Jawaneh Abbas Pour. 2012. Architectural Design on the Basis of Beauty and Function in Nature. Hoviatshahr 6(10): 59-66.
34. 13. Mousavi, Faezeh. 2016. Perspective on Golden Ratio (φ). Science Cultivation 7 (1): 39-52.
35. 14. Najafgholipour Kalantari, Nasim, Iraj Etesam, and Farah Habib. 2017. Check in Architectural Geometry and proportions of the golden Iran (Case Study: Tabriz traditional houses). Urban and Rural Management16(46): 477-491.
36. 15. Pirnia, Mohammad Karim. 2000. Introduction to Islamic Architecture of Iran. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology.
37. 16. Posamentier, A. S., and I. Lehmann. 2012. The Glorious Golden Ratio. Amherst. N.Y: Prometheus Books.
38. 17. Pour Abdollah, Habibollah. 2009. Hidden Wisdoms in Architecture. Tehran: Kalhor.
39. 18. Pour Ahmadi, Mojtaba, Mojtaba Yousefi, and Mehdi Sohrabi. 2011. The Ratio of Length to Width in the Main Spaces of Traditional Houses of Yazd: A Test for Pirnia's Statement on Iranian Golden Rectangle. Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture and Urban Planning 3(47): 69-79.
40. 19. Rajaei, Abdolmehdi. 2014. Pages from the Social History of Contemporary Isfahan. Isfahan: Iranian Students Book Agency.
41. 20. Rezadoost Dezfuli, Raziyeh, Mohammad Mehrakizadeh, Behnaz Safar Ali Najar, Hassan Bazazzadeh, and Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad. 2024. Geometric Investigation of Entrance Proportions of Houses from the Qajar to the Beginning of the Early Pahlavi in Dezful City (1789-1979). Frontiers of Architectural Research 13(1): 57-78. [DOI:10.1016/j.foar.2023.09.007]
42. 21. Sami Azar, Alireza. 2007. History of School Developments in Iran. Tehran: Organization for Renovation and Development of School Equipment.
43. 22. Shirin Jani, Somayeh, Samadifard, Zahra, and Sharifian, Seyed Ali. 2015. Recognizing the Concept and Function of the Porch in Iranian Architecture with an Emphasis on its Impact on the Architectural Structure. In International Conference on Research in Science and Technology.
44. 23. Zarei, Mohammad Ebrahim. 2018. Iranian Architecture from Safavid Period to the Present. Hamedan: BuAli Sina University.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
