Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2024)
JRIA 2024, 12(2): 96-114 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Khorsand R, Omranzadeh B, Motahar R. (2024). An analysis of high-rise construction in Iran: consequences, disadvantages and strategies. JRIA. 12(2), 96-114. doi:10.61186/jria.12.2.6
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1731-en.html
URL: http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1731-en.html
1- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2- Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract: (6369 Views)
High-rise construction is one of the controversial issues in the urbanism, both theoretically and practically. The various opinions and the agreements and oppositions that exist for it and the need to take a correct position on this matter indicate the necessity of analysis and Critique of this issue. What makes the issue more sensitive in a country like Iran is the connection between identity, culture, Islamic-Iranian lifestyle and religious beliefs with high-rise construction. The approval of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture of Iran regarding the location and criterias and regulations for the construction of high-rise buildings in the city of Tehran (1400) and its content also doubles the need to investigate this issue. Therefore, these questions are raised: What are the consequences of high-rise development in physiological, social, economic, transportation and traffic, environmental, physical and visual dimensions, and how it is evaluated from the perspective of Islamic worldview, Islamic culture and jurisprudence? How has the approval of the Supreme Council of Urbanism and Architecture of Iran paid attention to the results of various researches and the values of Islamic worldview, Islamic-Iranian culture and Islamic jurisprudence in relation to high-rise construction? What strategies can be pursued to avoid the disadvantages of high-rise construction in the country?
The purpose of the current research is to provide an analysis and explanation of the consequences of high-rise construction in the country with an identity and cultural perspective and with an emphasis on the criteria of Islamic worldview, as well as criticizing the approval of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture of Iran, and finally to provide appropriate strategies for high-rise construction. This is achieved by examining the history of high-rise construction in the world and Iran, meta-analysis of various researches on the evaluation of consequences of high-rise construction and precision in the opinions of researchers in this field.
The results of the research indicate that high-rise construction - especially in residential use - in spite of the benefits have been mentioned for it, works against its primary goals in the long run and it imposes various negative effects in terms of physical-spatial, environmental, transportation, social, economic, landscape, etc. on the city and citizens. Examining the criteria, principles and values of the Islamic worldview, Islamic-Iranian culture and lifestyle, and jurisprudential opinions also show that high-rise construction conflicts with them from various aspects. This has left extensive damages in social interactions, lifestyle, quality of people life and especially the foundation of the family. Therefore, the development and promotion of high-rise construction is not logical, it does not improve the quality of living in the city, but it also causes its degradation. So, the action of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture in approving the high-rise construction permit in Tehran is not evaluated positively and can be the source of future problems for Tehran. The recent resolution of this council is flawed in terms of theoretical approaches, necessity, goals, possibility, implementation guarantee and content. Most of the goals that are mentioned in the justification of this resolution are due to the acceptance of the current flawed trend governing economic relations in cities, especially in the field of land and housing, which is based on capitalists’ speculation, personal gain, monopoly and hoarding in the land and housing market. Clearly, the consequence of such a view results in high-rise construction. While in this regard, it is necessary to reform the economic system of the cities and eliminate the brokerage and speculation market, and the realization of the goals should be sought in them. According to the studies, the following strategies and solutions are presented to solve the damage of high-rise construction and to move away from this model:
• Short-term strategies and solutions:
Exclusion of high-rise buildings to commercial, office and similar uses in specific and planned areas and serious avoidance of allocating them to residential use.
Revision of high-rise construction criteria based on Islamic values and the qualities of Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism.
Prevision of the supervisory institution with a detailed description of duties to monitor the implementation of high-rise construction criteria and also the provision of effective punitive policies in order to prevent the occurrence of violations.
Prevision of financial and tax mechanisms to eliminate hoarding of land and housing.
Provision of necessary services and infrastructure, especially in the field of transportation and urban traffic in high-rise built-up areas.
• Long-term strategies and solutions:
Revision of land preparation plan considering the existence of sufficient land in Iran and the possibility of sustainable and regulated horizontal expansion of cities and settlements.
Adopting economic measures based on Islamic teachings in order to convert land, building and housing from capital goods to consumer goods.
Extraction of urban development patterns based on Islamic-Iranian identity and culture and by using the historical records and experiences of cities and hidden semantic values in them.
Revival of suitable agricultural, industrial and commercial areas and directing the population of metropolises, especially Tehran, to these areas.
Laying the foundation for increasing production and providing facilities for residents of villages and small and medium towns to prevent migration to metropolises and increase reverse migration.
Revival of the neighborhood system in the existing high-rise built-up areas and creation the basis for increasing the socio-cultural interactions of high-rise buildings residents, in order to reduce the socio-cultural damages.
The purpose of the current research is to provide an analysis and explanation of the consequences of high-rise construction in the country with an identity and cultural perspective and with an emphasis on the criteria of Islamic worldview, as well as criticizing the approval of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture of Iran, and finally to provide appropriate strategies for high-rise construction. This is achieved by examining the history of high-rise construction in the world and Iran, meta-analysis of various researches on the evaluation of consequences of high-rise construction and precision in the opinions of researchers in this field.
The results of the research indicate that high-rise construction - especially in residential use - in spite of the benefits have been mentioned for it, works against its primary goals in the long run and it imposes various negative effects in terms of physical-spatial, environmental, transportation, social, economic, landscape, etc. on the city and citizens. Examining the criteria, principles and values of the Islamic worldview, Islamic-Iranian culture and lifestyle, and jurisprudential opinions also show that high-rise construction conflicts with them from various aspects. This has left extensive damages in social interactions, lifestyle, quality of people life and especially the foundation of the family. Therefore, the development and promotion of high-rise construction is not logical, it does not improve the quality of living in the city, but it also causes its degradation. So, the action of the supreme council of urbanism and architecture in approving the high-rise construction permit in Tehran is not evaluated positively and can be the source of future problems for Tehran. The recent resolution of this council is flawed in terms of theoretical approaches, necessity, goals, possibility, implementation guarantee and content. Most of the goals that are mentioned in the justification of this resolution are due to the acceptance of the current flawed trend governing economic relations in cities, especially in the field of land and housing, which is based on capitalists’ speculation, personal gain, monopoly and hoarding in the land and housing market. Clearly, the consequence of such a view results in high-rise construction. While in this regard, it is necessary to reform the economic system of the cities and eliminate the brokerage and speculation market, and the realization of the goals should be sought in them. According to the studies, the following strategies and solutions are presented to solve the damage of high-rise construction and to move away from this model:
• Short-term strategies and solutions:
Exclusion of high-rise buildings to commercial, office and similar uses in specific and planned areas and serious avoidance of allocating them to residential use.
Revision of high-rise construction criteria based on Islamic values and the qualities of Islamic-Iranian architecture and urbanism.
Prevision of the supervisory institution with a detailed description of duties to monitor the implementation of high-rise construction criteria and also the provision of effective punitive policies in order to prevent the occurrence of violations.
Prevision of financial and tax mechanisms to eliminate hoarding of land and housing.
Provision of necessary services and infrastructure, especially in the field of transportation and urban traffic in high-rise built-up areas.
• Long-term strategies and solutions:
Revision of land preparation plan considering the existence of sufficient land in Iran and the possibility of sustainable and regulated horizontal expansion of cities and settlements.
Adopting economic measures based on Islamic teachings in order to convert land, building and housing from capital goods to consumer goods.
Extraction of urban development patterns based on Islamic-Iranian identity and culture and by using the historical records and experiences of cities and hidden semantic values in them.
Revival of suitable agricultural, industrial and commercial areas and directing the population of metropolises, especially Tehran, to these areas.
Laying the foundation for increasing production and providing facilities for residents of villages and small and medium towns to prevent migration to metropolises and increase reverse migration.
Revival of the neighborhood system in the existing high-rise built-up areas and creation the basis for increasing the socio-cultural interactions of high-rise buildings residents, in order to reduce the socio-cultural damages.
Keywords: High-rise construction, Islamic-Iranian city, Islamic worldview, Supreme council of urbanism and architecture, Urban Living qualities
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Analysis of art and architectural schools based on Islamic view
Received: 2023/12/23 | Accepted: 2024/04/20 | Published: 2024/07/14
Received: 2023/12/23 | Accepted: 2024/04/20 | Published: 2024/07/14
References
1. اراکی، محسن. 139۷. فقه عمران شهری. قم: مجمع الفکر الاسلامی.
2. امینزاده، بهناز. 1377. تأثیرات ساختمانهای بلند بر محیط شهری (طرح پژوهشی). دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران.
3. ایروانی، جواد، و همکاران. 1390. فرهنگ روابط اجتماعی در آموزههای اسلامی. مشهد: انتشارات دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی.
4. بحرینی، سید حسین. 1393. تجدد، فراتجدد و پس از آن در شهرسازی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
5. بهزادفر، مصطفی، مهران علیالحسابی، و سمیه فتحی. 1397. تدقیق و بازتعریف شاخصههای انسجام کالبدی- اجتماعی محله در مجموعههای مسکونی بلندمرتبه. مدیریت شهری (50): 237-255.
6. پیرنیا، محمدکریم. 1394. آشنایی با معماری اسلامی ایران. تهران: سروش دانش.
7. جوادیآملی، عبدالله. 1394. مفاتیح الحیات. قم: اسراء.
8. جوادیآملی، عبدالله. 1399. اسلام و محیط زیست. قم: اسراء.
9. رئیسی، محمدمنان. 1397. معماری و شهرسازی مطابق با سبک زندگی اسلامی. قم: انتشارات دانشگاه قم.
10. شجاعی، محمد، و پیمان پولادی. 1398. مطالعه ضرورتها و چالشهای بلندمرتبهسازی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان چالوس). جغرافیا و روابط انسانی 2 (1): 132-149.
11. شماعی، علی، و رحمان جهانی. 1390. بررسی اثرات توسعه عمودی شهر بر هویت محلهای )مطالعه موردی: منطقه 7 تهران(. شهر ایرانی اسلامی (6): 73-82.
12. صادقزاده، اکبر. 1376. نقدی بر اندیشه ساختمانهای بلند در ایران. جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری (5): 101-117.
13. طباطبایی، سید محمد حسین. 1397. روابط اجتماعی در اسلام. ترجمهی محمد جواد حجتیکرمانی. قم: مؤسسه بوستان کتاب.
14. عزیزی، محمدمهدی. 1377. ارزیابی اثرات کالبدی- فضایی برجسازی در تهران: محلات فرمانیه- کامرانیه. هنرهای زیبا (4-5): 33- 46.
15. عزیزی، محمدمهدی، و صارم ملکمحمدنژاد. 1386. بررسی تطبیقی دو الگوی مجتمعهای مسکونی متعارف و بلندمرتبه، مطالعه موردی: مجتمعهای مسکونی نور (سئول) و اسکان تهران. هنرهای زیبا (32): 27-38.
16. عظیمی آقداش، محمد. 1394. ضوابط بلندمرتبهسازی: ویژه آزمونهای نظام مهندسی (معماری و طراحی). تهران: نوآور.
17. فردوسی، سجاد، تارا سمیری، و ایمان طبسی. 1394. پیامدهای محیطی ناشی از افزایش تراکم و بلندمرتبهسازی در شهرها. مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار (12): 59-68.
18. فرهودی، رحمتاله، و علیرضا محمدی. 1380. تأثیر احداث ساختمانهای بلندمرتبه بر کاربریهای شهری مطالعه موردی مناطق 1، 2، و 3 شهر تهران. پژوهشهای جغرافیایی (41): 71-82.
19. محمدزادهسقطی، شادی، و محمود حقلسان. 1395. نگاهی بر نقش بلندمرتبهسازی در تحققپذیری توسعه پایدار شهری. در کنفرانس بینالمللی نخبگان عمران، معماری و شهرسازی، دوره اول، تهران.
20. مرتضی، هشام. 1387. اصول سنتی ساختوساز در اسلام. ترجمهی دکتر ابوالفضل مشکینی و دکتر کیومرث حبیبی. تهران: مرکز مطالعاتی و تحقیقاتی شهرسازی و معماری.
21. مرکز مطالعات و برنامهریزی شهر تهران. 1399. گزارش نشست تخصصی اجرای برنامه انتقال حق توسعه در شهر تهران.
22. مستاجران گورتانی، مسلم، و سیده آیدا برکاتی. 1398. واکاوی استفاده از سیستمهای دیاگرید (سازمانهای نوین) در ساختمانهای بلندمرتبه با رویکرد معماری پارامتریک، نمونه پژوهش: ساختمان سوئیسری لندن. معماریشناسی (9): 39- 48.
23. مطهر، رضا، سید عبدالهادی دانشپور، و محمدصالح شکوهیبیدهندی. 1400. بررسی تطبیقی معیارهای کرامت انسانی به عنوان یکی از ویژگیهای شهر مطلوب اسلامی در محلههای نوساز و قدیمی (مورد پژوهشی: محلههای حکیمیه و خیابان ایران شهر تهران). پژوهشهای معماری اسلامی 10 (1): 79-100.
24. منعام، محمدرضا، و فرناز ضرابیان. 1386. بررسی اثرات کالبدی-فضایی بلندمرتبهسازی در شهر. نشریه شهرداری (82): 102-107.
25. میرمقتدایی، مهتا، و ساناز حقشناس. 1400. مروری بر بومیسازی سیاست توسعه مبتنی بر حمل و نقل همگانی در ایران، از نظریه تا عمل. فصلنامه علمی مهندسی ساختمان و علوم مسکن 14 (25): 31- 42.
26. نقیزاده، محمد. 1387. شهر و معماری اسلامی (تجلیات و عینیات). اصفهان: مانی.
27. Aminzadeh, Behnaz. 1998. The Effects of High-Rise Buildings on the Urban Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran.
28. Appleyard, D. and Fishman, L. 1977. High Rise Buildings versus San Francisco: Measuring Visual and Symbolic Impacts. InD. Conway (Ed.), Human Response to Tall Buildings. Stroudsburg: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, pp. 101-112.
29. Araki, Mohsen. 2018. Jurisprudence of Urban Construction. Qom: Majma ol-Fekr Al-Islami
30. Azimi Aghdash, Mohamad. 2015. Rules of High-Rise Construction. Tehran: Noavar.
31. Azizi, Mohamad Mahdi. 1999. Evaluation of the Physical-Spatial Effects of Tower Construction in Tehran: Farmanieh-Kamranieh Neighborhoods. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba (4-5): 33-46.
32. Azizi, Mohamad Mahdi, and Saaram Malek Mohammadnezhad. 2007. Comparative Study on High-Rise and Conventional Residential Complexes: the Cases of Nour (Seoul) and Eskan complexes in Tehran. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba (32): 27-38.
33. Bahrainy, Hossein. 2014. Modernism, Postmodernism, and After in Urban Design and Planning. Tehran: University of Tehran Press.
34. Behzadfar, Mostafa, Mehran Alalhesabi, and Somayeh Fathi. 2018. Identify and Redefine the Indicators of Physical and Social Coherence of Neighborhoods in High-Rise Residential Complexes. Urban Management (50): 237-255.
35. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 1995. Structural Systems for Tall Buildings. Committee 3, McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York, p. 283.
36. Farhoudi, Rahmat-al-llah, and Alireza Mohammadi. 2001. Effect of Tall-Buildings on Urban Land Use Case Study: the City of Tehran (Zones of 1, 2, 3). Geographical Researchs (41): 71-82.
37. Ferdosi, Sajjad, Tara Samiri, and Iman Tabasi. 2015. Environmental Conscequences Increasing Density and Height of Buildings in Cities. Haft Hesar Environmental Studies (12): 59-68.
38. GELB, P. 1977. High-Rise Impact on City and Neighbourhood Livability. In D. Conway (Ed.), Human Response to Tall Buildings. Stroudsburg: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, pp. 131-149.
39. Iravani, Javad, et al. 2011. The Culture of Social Relations in Islamic Teachings, Mashhad: Razavi University of Islamic Scinces Press.
40. Javadi Amoli, Abdollah. 2015. Mafatih al-Hayat. Qom: Esra.
41. Javadi Amoli, Abdollah. 2020. Islam and the Environment. Qom: Esra.
42. Mirmoghtadaee, Mahta, and Sanaz Haghshenas. 2021. Localization of Transit-Oriented Development Policy in Iran, from Concept to Reality. Journal of Building Engineering and Housing Science 14 (25): 31-42.
43. Mohammadzadeh Saghati, Shadi, and Mahmoud Haghlesan. 2016. View on Role of a Tall Building in the Realization of Urban Sustainable Development. In 1st International Conference of Civil Architecture and Urban Planning Elites, Tehran.
44. Monam, Mohammad Reza, and Farnaz Zarabian. 2007. Investigating the Physical-Spatial Effects of High-Rise Construction in the City. Journal of Municipalities (82): 102-107.
45. Mortada, Hisham. 2008. Traditional Islamic Principles of Built Environment. translated by Abolfazl Meshkini and Kyoumars Habibi. Tehran: Urban Planning & Architecture Research Center of Iran Press.
46. Mostajeran Gourtani, Moslem, ans Seyedeh Aida Barekati. 2019. Analyzing the Use of Diagrid Systems In High-Rise Buildings with a Parametric Architecture Approach, Case Study: Swiss RE Building in London. Journal of Architecture (9): 39-48.
47. Motahar, Reza, Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour, and Mohammad Saleh Shokouhibidhendi. 2022. A Comparative Study of Human Dignity Criteria in the New and Old Neighborhoods of Hakimieh and Iran Street of Tehran. Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture 10 (1): 79-100. [DOI:10.52547/jria.10.1.5]
48. Naghizadeh, Mohammad. 2008. Islamic City and Architecture (Manifestations and Expressions). Isfahan: Mani.
49. Oxford University Official Website. 2015. Oxford Dictionaries (Language Matters). [Online] 2015. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com.
50. Pirnia, Mohammad Karim. 2016. Introduction to Iranian Islamic Architecture. Tehran: Soroush-e Danesh.
51. Raeisi, Mohammad Mannan. 2018. Architecture and Urbanism in Accordance with Islamic Lifestyle. Qom: University of Qom Press.
52. Sadeghzadeh, Akbar. 1997. A Critique on the Idea of High-Rise Buildings in Iran. Geography and Urban Planning (5): 101-117.
53. Shamai, Ali, and Rahman Jahani. 2012. Investigating the Effects of Vertical Development of the City on Neighborhood Identity (Case Study: District 7 of Tehran). Iranian Islamic City Studies (6): 73-82.
54. Shojai, Mohammad, and Peiman Poladi. 2019. Study of the Needs and Challenges of a High-Rise Process (Case Study: Chalus Town). Geography and Human Relationships 2 (1): 132-149.
55. Tabataba'I, Mohammad Hossein. 2018. Social Relations in Islam. Translated by Mohammad Javad Hojjati Kermani. Qom: Boustan-e Ketab Institute.
56. Tehran Urban Research and Planning Center. Report of the Specialized Meeting on the Implementation of the Transfer of Development Rights Program in Tehran.
57. Wood, Antony. 2007. Sustainability: A New High-Rise Vernacular. The Structural Design of tall and special Buildings 16. URL: http//www.interscience.wiley.com. [DOI:10.1002/tal.425]
58. Wood, Antony. 2010. New Paradigms in High-Rise Design. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Journal (CTBUH Review). Issue No.3, Chicago, USA, pp. 15-18.
59. Woodworth, A. Vernon, and K. S. Hastings. 2014. Massachusetts State Building Code 8th Edition. Charlestown: R. W. Sullivan, IncR. Inc., 2014. www.rwsullivan.com
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
